{ "dictype": "WikiDicScrap", "error": false, "code": 200, "json": { "type": "wiki", "pronunciations": { "phonetic": [ "əˈgeɪnst", "əˈgɛnst" ], "listenurl": [ { "lang": "Audio (US)", "url": "/var/www/html/blab/dic/audio/us/against.ogg" }, { "lang": "Audio (US)", "url": "/var/www/html/blab/dic/audio/us/against.mp3" } ] }, "meansorg": { "etymologies": [ "Formed from Middle English ayenes, agenes, againes (“in opposition to”), a southern variant of agen, or directly from again, either way with adverbial genitive singular ending -es; the parasitic -t was added circa 1350, probably by confusion with the superlative ending -est. Surface analysis again + -st (excrescent ending)." ], "typelist": [ { "name": "Preposition", "meanlist": [ { "mean": "In a contrary direction to.\nIt is hard work to swim against the current." }, { "mean": "In physical opposition to; in collision with.\nThe rain pounds against the window.\n1922, Michael Arlen, “3/19/2”, in “Piracy”: A Romantic Chronicle of These Days:Ivor had acquired more than a mile of fishing rights with the house ; he was not at all a good fisherman, but one must do something ; one generally, however, banged a ball with a squash-racket against a wall." }, { "mean": "In physical contact with, so as to abut or be supported by.\nThe ladder was leaning against the wall.\nThe puppy rested its head against a paw.\nThe kennel was put against the back wall." }, { "mean": "Close to, alongside.\nA row of trees stood against a fence.\n1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter V, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:We expressed our readiness, and in ten minutes were in the station wagon, rolling rapidly down the long drive, for it was then after nine. As we reached the lodge we heard the whistle, and we backed up against one side of the platform as the train pulled up at the other." }, { "mean": "In front of; before (a background).\nThe giant was silhouetted against the door." }, { "mean": "In contrast or comparison with.\nHe stands out against his classmates.\nThis report sets out the risks against the benefits." }, { "mean": "In competition with, versus.\nThe Tigers will play against the Bears this weekend.\n1910, Emerson Hough, chapter I, in The Purchase Price: Or The Cause of Compromise, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:“ it is not fair of you to bring against mankind double weapons ! Dangerous enough you are as woman alone, without bringing to your aid those gifts of mind suited to problems which men have been accustomed to arrogate to themselves.”\n2011 September 24, Aled Williams, “Chelsea 4-1 Swansea”, in BBC Sport:The breakthrough came through Torres who, pilloried for his miss against Manchester United a week earlier, scored his second goal of the season." }, { "mean": "Contrary to; in conflict with.\nDoing this is against my principles.\nIt is against the law to smoke on these premises.\nThere was no car in sight so we crossed against the red light." }, { "mean": "In opposition to.\nAntonym: for\nAre you against freedom of choice?\nHe waged a ten-year campaign against the company that was polluting the river.\nI'd bet against his succeeding.\n(with implied object) Ten voted for, and three voted against.\n1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter IV, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:Mr. Cooke at once began a tirade against the residents of Asquith for permitting a sandy and generally disgraceful condition of the roads. So roundly did he vituperate the inn management in particular, and with such a loud flow of words, that I trembled lest he should be heard on the veranda.\n2013 May-June, David Van Tassel, Lee DeHaan, “Wild Plants to the Rescue”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 3:Plant breeding is always a numbers game. The wild species we use are rich in genetic variation, . In addition, we are looking for rare alleles, so the more plants we try, the better. These rarities may be new mutations, or they can be existing ones that are neutral—or are even selected against—in a wild population. A good example is mutations that disrupt seed dispersal, leaving the seeds on the heads long after they are ripe." }, { "mean": "Of betting odds, denoting a worse-than-even chance.\nAntonym: on\nThat horse is fifty-to-one against, so it has virtually no chance of winning." }, { "mean": "In exchange for.\nThe vouchers are redeemable against West End shows and theatre breaks." }, { "mean": "As counterbalance to. (Can we add an example for this sense?)" }, { "mean": "As a charge on.\nTax is levied against income from sales." }, { "mean": "As protection from.\nHe turned the umbrella against the wind.\n1638, Democritus Junior , The Anatomy of Melancholy. , 5th edition, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Printed for Henry Cripps, →OCLC, partition II, section 2, member 6, subsection iv, page 298:Beautie alone is a ſoveraigne remedy againſt feare,griefe,and all melancholy fits; a charm,as Peter de la Seine and many other writers affirme,a banquet it ſelfe;he gives inſtance in diſcontented Menelaus that was ſo often freed by Helenas faire face: and hTully, 3 Tusc. cites Epicurus as a chiefe patron of this Tenent.\n1988 March 1, Caroni, Pico; Schwab, Martin E., “Antibody against myelin associated inhibitor of neurite growth neutralizes nonpermissive substrate properties of CNS white matter”, in Neuron‎, →DOI, page 85:Monoclonal antibodies were raised against these proteins: IN-1 and IN-2 bound both to the 35 kd and 250 kd inhibitors and to the surface of differentiated cultured oligodendrocytes." }, { "mean": "In anticipation of; in preparation for (a particular time, event etc.).\nThe stores are kept well stocked against a time of need.\n1603, Michel de Montaigne, chapter 11, in John Florio, transl., The Essayes , book II, London: Val Simmes for Edward Blount , →OCLC:He wrote to a friend of his, that he lived but with browne bread and water, and entreated him to send him a piece of cheese, against the time he was to make a solemne feast.\n1886 October – 1887 January, H Rider Haggard, She: A History of Adventure, London: Longmans, Green, and Co., published 1887, →OCLC:\"And now leave me, I pray thee, and thou too, my own Kallikrates, for I would get me ready against our journey, and so must ye both, and your servant also.\"\n1938, Norman Lindsay, Age of Consent, 1st Australian edition, Sydney, N.S.W.: Ure Smith, published 1962, →OCLC, page 18:Of the two fried chops served him for breakfast he ate one and gave Edmund the other, and put a buttered sandwich of bread in his pocket against the accidents of travel.\n2003, Rodger J. Bille, A Few of the Chosen: Survivors of Terrorism, Trafford Publishing, →ISBN, page 8:Rod, who always distrusted such methods, was forced to accept the new way but had begun to stash away large amounts of cash against the day that the system might be sabotaged or failed entirely." }, { "mean": "(Hollywood) To be paid now in contrast to the following amount to be paid later under specified circumstances, usually that a movie is made or has started filming.\nThe studio weren't sure the movie would ever get made, so they only paid $50,000 against $200,000. That way they wouldn't be out very much if filming never began.\n2011, Charles Foran, Mordecai: The Life & Times‎:“Hollywood noises” yielded an early $35,000 option against $100,000 if the movie was made." }, { "mean": "(obsolete) Exposed to. (Can we add an example for this sense?)" } ] }, { "name": "Conjunction", "meanlist": [ { "mean": "(obsolete) By the time that (something happened); before.\n1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book II, Canto IX”, in The Faerie Queene. , London: for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:Thence she them brought into a stately Hall, / Wherein were many tables faire dispred, / And ready dight with drapets festiuall, / Against the viaundes should be ministred.\n1749, Henry Fielding, Tom Jones, Folio Society 1973, p. 6:\nHe now gave Mrs Deborah positive orders to take the child to her own bed, and to call up a maid-servant to provide it pap, and other things, against it waked." } ] } ] }, "meanskor": { "etymologies": [ "" ], "typelist": [ { "name": "전치사", "meanlist": [ { "mean": "" }, { "mean": "" }, { "mean": "" }, { "mean": "" }, { "mean": "" }, { "mean": "" }, { "mean": "" }, { "mean": "" }, { "mean": "" }, { "mean": "" }, { "mean": "" }, { "mean": "" }, { "mean": "" }, { "mean": "" }, { "mean": "" }, { "mean": "" }, { "mean": "" } ] }, { "name": "접속사", "meanlist": [ { "mean": "" } ] } ] } } }